Visual flight rules (VFR)

Visual flight rules (VFR) are the rules and procedures used when a pilot operates primarily with visual reference to the surface and surrounding traffic. VFR does not mean that weather is automatically good or that instrument skills are unnecessary. The pilot must meet the applicable visibility, cloud clearance, equipment, airspace, and communication requirements.

What it governs

The FAA sets VFR weather minimums by airspace class and operating context. The required visibility and distance from clouds can change between controlled and uncontrolled airspace, and special rules can apply near certain airports or areas. A VFR flight may use flight following or enter controlled airspace when the pilot meets the published requirements and obtains required clearances.

VFR is different from instrument flight rules. The rule set describes how the flight is conducted, not the aircraft's equipment alone. A properly equipped aircraft can operate under either set of rules when the pilot and conditions meet the requirements.

Example

A pilot planning a daytime VFR flight checks the forecast, current METAR, route airspace, fuel, aircraft equipment, and applicable weather minimums. If the route includes Class B airspace, the pilot also reviews the entry and clearance requirements for that airspace.

Why it matters

Weather can deteriorate after departure. A VFR pilot must have a plan for changing conditions, including diversion or landing before visual conditions are lost. VFR minimums are legal thresholds, not a promise that the route will be comfortable or suitable for the aircraft and pilot.

The current regulation and applicable local procedures control. Review the current FAA rules and Aeronautical Information Manual before applying a general explanation to a flight.

Related terms and tools

• Instrument flight rules
• Class B airspace
• METAR
• eCFR Title 14